한국 사적지 조경 보존·정비의 흐름과 특성

Abstract

Since the modern concept of preservation of cultural properties was introduced, interest in preservation and maintenance of landscapes of the interior and exterior of historic sites has been insufficient compared to architecture. A historical place’s atmosphere cannot be recreated just by restoring a few buildings; harmony with the entire landscape is essential. Forty years have passed since landscape architecture focusing on fabricating scenery was introduced to Korea, but there has been much trial and error in creating the landscape of historic sites. Therefore, this study examines the preservation and maintenance of the landscape of historic sites in Korea by surveying four post-independence periods in terms of the circumstances of each time period and maintenance projects of major historic sites. Thus, this study sheds light on the trends and characteristics of each period and their relationship with other elements. Between independence and the 1950s, Korea suffered politically and economically in the aftermath of the Korean War, and cultural properties were managed by a restrictive preservation policy. Of course, the surroundings and environments of cultural properties were neglected. In the 1960s–1970s, state-led historic site maintenance projects and the concept of area preservation became predominant. Landscape architecture played a crucial role in environment preservation, such as repair and purification of historic sites according to land development. In addition, landscape architecture created a new boundary by reorganizing space beyond the level of simply maintaining historic sites. However, at the time, there were not enough experts of landscaping of historic sites, and subjective opinions were rather influential. During the 1980s–1990s, national identity was established based on economic growth, and Japanese-style landscapes of palaces were repaired. In this period, Korea devoted itself to establishing its national identity by holding international competitions and events thanks to its increased economic power. Since 2000, thanks to its growth, the role of landscape architecture has become critical in repairing and maintaining historic sites. However, because there are still many legal and institutional limitations, landscaping professionals have restrictions in creating the landscape of historic sites, which requires improvement. The result confirms that maintenance of historic sites is related to political intentions, values, and international trends. This study also demonstrates that the role of landscape architecture has changed accordingly. Proper preservation and maintenance of the landscape of historic sites will help in the study and dissemination of Korea’s landscape culture and will lay the foundation for establishing a Korean identity.