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Real-Time Tracking of Visually Attended Objects in Virtual Environments and Its Application to LOD

Authors
Lee, SungkilKim, Gerard JounghyunChoi, Seungmoon
Issue Date
1월-2009
Publisher
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
Keywords
Visual attention; saliency map; bottom-up feature; top-down context; virtual environment; level of detail
Citation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS, v.15, no.1, pp.6 - 19
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Volume
15
Number
1
Start Page
6
End Page
19
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/120812
DOI
10.1109/TVCG.2008.82
ISSN
1077-2626
Abstract
This paper presents a real-time framework for computationally tracking objects visually attended by the user while navigating in interactive virtual environments (VIES). In addition to the conventional bottom-up (stimulus-driven) saliency map, the proposed framework uses top-down (goal-directed) contexts inferred from the user's spatial and temporal behaviors and identifies the most plausibly attended objects among candidates in the object saliency map. The computational framework was implemented using GPU, exhibiting high computational performance adequate for interactive VIES. A user experiment was also conducted to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the tracking framework by comparing objects regarded as visually attended by the framework to actual human gaze collected with an eye tracker. The results indicated that the accuracy was in the level well supported by the theory of human cognition for visually identifying single and multiple attentive targets, especially owing to the addition of top-down contextual information. Finally, we demonstrate how the visual attention tracking framework can be applied to managing the level of details in VIES, without any hardware for head or eye tracking.
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