现代汉语结果补语和上海话结果补语比较分析

Abstract

In this paper, we discussed the situation of modern Chinese Mandarin resultative complement and Shanghai dialect resultative complement, focusing on the analysis of five special dynamic structures such as “V+快”、“V+着”、“V+牢”、“V+脱”、“V+杀/煞” in Shanghai dialect, and their usage and some related problem. Through comparative analysis, we found that the “V+快” structure of Shanghai dialect has two uses of homomorphism, one is the resultative complement, meant to describe “Some action speed is faster than before”; the other is not the result complement, but a special structure similar to degree complement, equivalent to the “快……了” structure in Mandarin. And it is a special use of Shanghai dialect different from Mandarin. Those sentences often appear together with positive verbs such as ”要” and “就要”. The “V+牢” structure of Shanghai dialect can be seen as the corresponding form of the “V+住” structure of Mandarin, and the Shanghai dialect does not use the “V+住” structure of Mandarin. The “牢” in the “V+ 牢” structure of Shanghai dialect was slowly reduced to an auxiliary component by the adjectives of the “fixed” meaning of the table. From the state of the subject to the state of the mind and facial expression, produced the meaning of “keep a certain state lasting”. The usage of “V+着” in Shanghai dialect is more extensive than that of Mandarin. The “着” of Shanghai dialect contains the meaning of “achieving a certain purpose and entering a certain state”. In the collocation with verbs, typically psychological verbs can not be matched in Mandarin. “想着” in Shanghai dialect is a common example for this. Nowadays, young people in Shanghai often use “V+到” instead of “V+着” because of the influence of Mandarin, but some of the original Shanghai dialects, such as “寻着”, “睏着”, “踏着” etc. cannot be replaced by “V+到”. This is the characteristic of Shanghai dialect. In addition, the structure of “V+脫” is a unique structure in Shanghai dialect. There is no such form in Mandarin. The “脫” of the complement in Shanghai dialect can be used after the verb or the supplementary phrase to indicate the action result. It can also be attached to the predicate component to indicate the completion and implementation of the action behavior or state, similar to the “了₁” in Mandarin, so it can be regarded as a kind of aspect marker. The “杀/煞” in Mandarin is the methodology of the usage of verbs to extend the use of adverbs. As a complement sometimes written as “杀”, and sometimes “煞”. in The “V+杀/煞” structure in Shanghai dialect, “杀/煞” can be used as a result complement or as a degree complement, and when it is the resultative complements, it means true death, generally written as sa “杀”; As degree complement, it is generally written as “煞”, often in the form of “V+煞快”. Sometimes even the homomorphic “V+杀/煞” structure will appear in different sentences and have different interpretations. We think that in the five Shanghai dialect verb-resultative complement structure, in addition to the “V+快” structure, the other four structures “V+牢”, “V+着”, “V+脱”, and “V+杀/煞” can all be regarded as grammatical resultative complements. Its development and evolution process has a very similar consistency with the grammatical resultative complements in Mandarin, which also reflects the commonality of semantic development.