중국 도시 人民公社 건설 시기 街道 공간의 국가와 사회, 1958-1965 ― 北京의 사례를 중심으로 ―

Abstract

Through an analysis on the process of urban people’s commune building in Beijing, this article shows transformation of state-society relationship since 1958. While the 1950s saw a sort of ‘governance’ in which the state leads societal “autonomy,” and this societal autonomy functions under the state leadership, urban communization process of 1958-1965 triggered unprecedented strengthening of party-state power that expanded its power both in organizational structure and number of its agents to the basic level of urban society. Re-organizing urban “idle residents” beyond the Danwei system into the collective units of production and life, the party-state deeply penetrated the neighborhood space. Neighborhood space in which state agents and residents’ committees had been operating on a cooperative basis surrounding various ‘urban works’ came to be a space in which state exercised overwhelming control over urban society. Facing increasing direct intervention by the state agents, the residents’ committees showed passive, cynic, and evasive, if not resistant, attitudes toward state’s unilateral initiatives. A number of activists, core actors of the committees, were not willing to actively cooperate with the state policies and state agents for fear of provoking residents’ animosity against them. In this regard, the strengthening of state control over society demonstrated during the period of urban commune building from 1958-1965 could not reach its genuine realization. The vigorous state intervention generated unexpected result: weakening of state legitimacy that is essential component of state rule over society. Unprecedentedly strengthened state control since 1958 triggered a sort of “state involution”.