高麗時代 海上交流와 ‘海禁’

Abstract

The maritime trade thrived between the Goryeo Dynasty and China thanks to the need of the Goryeo people who wanted to accept the advanced civilization of China and the effort of the marine commerce in China that wanted economic benefits through the trade. In contrast, there were also attempts to ban the free trade in the sea. Since King Taejo of Goryeo expelled the diplomat from Qidan into exile, the diplomatic relations worsened so that ships of Goryeo were banned from sailing over the sea of Qidan. Since then, King Seongjong of Goryeo banned free movement of Goryeo marine trade ships to China except for diplomats of Goryeo. In addition, the Song dynasty also banned marine commerce ships from the Goryeo over their seas because Goryeo was one of the tributary states of Qidan. However, since the war between Qidan and Goryeo broke out, Goryeo not only continued the tributary relations of Qidan but also sent diplomats to the Song Dynasty and allowed trades at limited places such as the Port of Yeseong. In addition, the Song also acquiesced to the marine trades to achieve the diplomatic policy that toppled the Qidan by uniting with Goryeo. As a result, those days were recognized as one of the most active marine trades occurred in history. The marine trade between Goryeo and China under the Yuan Dynasty's interference period continued in a variety of ways while no ban on the marine trade was regulated between two nations. As if no border existed between Goryeo and China, everybody could move freely with simple document while the marine trade could also move to anywhere in the Shandong Peninsula or the Yangtze River. Merchants of both countries chose the trade route in consideration of the trade convenience and profits. As a result, a marine trade route that connected the port of Yeseong in Goryeo and Jiangsu and Zhejiang in China was in great demand. However, since the Ming Dynasty founded at the end of Goryeo enforced the “Policy of Ban on the Maritime Trade”, it influenced greatly on the way of trades in Goryeo. The port of Yeseong, which was the center of the marine trade with China, lost its function gradually whereas trades via the border between Goryeo and the Ming increased more and more although the trades via the border was banned in principle during the King Gongyang time. As this ban on the maritime trade as well as traded via the border continued, diplomats of Goryeo participated in the trade actively when they went to China at the time of King Wu and King Gongyang and created trade-related incidents frequently. The circumstance of the trade with China at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty was completely different from the early time of Goryeo when marine merchants of Goryeo traded freely with China and Chinese ships arrived at many places in Goryeo.