고려･조선전기 잡류의 구성과 계층적 이질성

Abstract

Japnyu(miscellanea) was often called ‘miscellaneous groups,’ the popular name during Goryeo and early Joseon periods, while certain more classes could be included as part of Japnyu to be identified. Unlike the preexisting common view, Japnyu even before the late Goryeo period may have included Hyang, Bugok, and Akgong rather than designated petty government official positions only. Because Japnyu included such various groups, Japno should be understood not as one’s official career but as the illegitimate ways for miscellaneousgroups to enter the official world. The subjects classified as Japnyu were more widely diversified toward the late Goryeo and the early Joseon periods and particularly even more after the Joseon Dynasty. Thus, Seoeol(庶孽) and Hyangni(鄕吏) classified as Jungin(中人) were recognized as Japnyu as well. People of Japgwa were also apprehended as Japnyu because they did not go through ‘Jeongno(legitimate way)’ of the civil or military service exams. This was possible because Japnyu was the name for generalizing miscellaneous classes avertedfrom specific qualifications and standards or not possible to be included in a certain class. Depending on the standard points, the range of Japnyu could be narrowed or widened. For an extreme example, supposing Saryue was a stand point, other classes not included in Saryue were all named Japnyu. The composition of Japnyu varied in time and view since it was the term to be able to include various social classes. Therefore, Japnyu is not suitable for calling classes with the same qualities. Also, the composition of Japnyu became more diversified as time passed down from Goryeo to Joseon, which signifies there were not only anincreasing number of people who entered or could enter the government services through various illegitimate ways but also some intentions to limit or exclude those people.