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Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of nano-/ micro-sized graphene oxide on the microalgae by comparing the physiological and morphological changes in different trophic modes

Authors
Kim, Ka YoungKim, Shin MyungKim, Jee YoungChoi, Yoon-E
Issue Date
12월-2022
Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
Keywords
Cytotoxicity; Nanoparticles; Euglena gracilis; Oxidative stress; Heterotrophic; Phototrophic
Citation
CHEMOSPHERE, v.309
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume
309
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/145447
DOI
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136539
ISSN
0045-6535
Abstract
Understanding the cytotoxic mechanisms of environmental contaminants is important to estimate their envi-ronmental impacts and prepare guidelines for pollution control. Many studies have assessed the cytotoxic mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO), an emerging aquatic contaminant. However, in many cases, the effect of GO size and putative trophic modes of microalgae on cytotoxicity has been neglected, hindering complete under-standing of the cytotoxic mechanisms of GO. In this study, the microalga Euglena gracilis cultivated under light (phototrophic) or dark (heterotrophic) conditions was exposed to two sizes of GO [nano-sized (N) and micro -sized (M)] for assessing the effect of GO on microalgal growth. The cytotoxic effect of GO was higher under phototrophic conditions than under heterotrophic conditions, suggesting that a major cytotoxic mechanism of GO is related to photosynthetic activity inhibition. Moreover, N-GO showed higher toxicity than M-GO. The morphological and physiological changes in N -GO-and M-GO-exposed E. gracilis were assessed to further elucidate the cytotoxic mechanisms. N-GO internalized the cells via endocytic activity/piercing, whereas M-GO partially attached to the cell surface and did not enter the cells. Moreover, N-GO and M-GO negatively affected the cells by inducing oxidative stress; the oxidative stress parameters were higher in N-GO-exposed cells than in M-GO-exposed cells.
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