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DeepCNAP: A Deep Learning Approach for Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring Using Photoplethysmography

Authors
Kim, Dong-KyuKim, Young-TakKim, HakseungKim, Dong-Joo
Issue Date
Aug-2022
Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
Keywords
Deep learning; Estimation; Feature extraction; Data models; Convolution; Monitoring; Hypertension; Deep learning; self-attention; arterial blood pressure; photoplethysmography; hemodynamic instability
Citation
IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, v.26, no.8, pp 3697 - 3707
Pages
11
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS
Volume
26
Number
8
Start Page
3697
End Page
3707
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/186279
DOI
10.1109/JBHI.2022.3172514
ISSN
2168-2194
2168-2208
Abstract
Arterial blood pressure (ABP) monitoring may permit the early diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, existing methods for measuring ABP outside the clinic use inconvenient cuff sphygmomanometry, or do not estimate continuous ABP waveforms. This study proposes a novel deep learning model DeepCNAP for estimating continuous BP waveform from a noninvasively measured photoplethysmography (PPG) signal in real-time. DeepCNAP was designed through the combination of deep convolutional networks and self-attention. The proposed method was constructed via 10-fold cross-validation based on the MIMIC database (the number of subjects = 942, recording time = 374.43 hours). The performance of DeepCNAP was evaluated from two perspectives: estimating ABP from PPG and classifying hemodynamically unstable events (i.e., hypertension, prehypertension, hypotension, and the normal state). The mean absolute errors of the BP estimates were 3.40 +/- 4.36 mmHg for systolic BP, 1.75 +/- 2.25 mmHg for diastolic BP, and 3.23 +/- 2.21 mmHg for the BP waveform, indicating that DeepCNAP satisfies the standards of both the British Hypertension Society (BHS) and the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). From the estimated BP, hypertension, prehypertension, hypotension, and the normal state were classified with 99.44, 97.58, 92.23, and 94.64% accuracy, respectively. DeepCNAP enables feasible real-time estimation of invasively measured ABP from noninvasive PPG. With its noninvasive nature, high accuracy, and clinical relevance, the proposed model could be valuable in general wards at hospitals and for wearable devices in daily life.
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