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Stable and High-Power Calcium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Calcium Intercalation into Graphite

Authors
Park, JoohaXu, Zheng-LongYoon, GabinPark, Sung KwanWang, JiangHyun, HyejeongPark, HyeokjunLim, JongwooKo, Yoon-JooYun, Young SooKang, Kisuk
Issue Date
1월-2020
Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
Keywords
anode materials; calcium-ion batteries; graphite
Citation
ADVANCED MATERIALS, v.32, no.4
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Volume
32
Number
4
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/58558
DOI
10.1002/adma.201904411
ISSN
0935-9648
Abstract
Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) are considered to be promising next-generation energy storage systems because of the natural abundance of calcium and the multivalent calcium ions with low redox potential close to that of lithium. However, the practical realization of high-energy and high-power CIBs is elusive owing to the lack of suitable electrodes and the sluggish diffusion of calcium ions in most intercalation hosts. Herein, it is demonstrated that calcium-ion intercalation can be remarkably fast and reversible in natural graphite, constituting the first step toward the realization of high-power calcium electrodes. It is shown that a graphite electrode exhibits an exceptionally high rate capability up to 2 A g(-1), delivering approximate to 75% of the specific capacity at 50 mA g(-1) with full calcium intercalation in graphite corresponding to approximate to 97 mAh g(-1). Moreover, the capacity stably maintains over 200 cycles without notable cycle degradation. It is found that the calcium ions are intercalated into graphite galleries with a staging process. The intercalation mechanisms of the "calciated" graphite are elucidated using a suite of techniques including synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and first-principles calculations. The versatile intercalation chemistry of graphite observed here is expected to spur the development of high-power CIBs.
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