Rational design and synthesis of hierarchically structured SnO2 microspheres assembled from hollow porous nanoplates as superior anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Herein, hierarchically structured SnO2 microspheres are designed and synthesized as an efficient anode material for lithium-ion batteries using hollow SnO2 nanoplates. Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3-DOM) SnOx-C microspheres synthesized by spray pyrolysis are transformed into hierarchically structured SnO2 microspheres by a two-step post-treatment process. Sulfidation produces hierarchically structured SnS-SnS2-C microspheres comprising tin sulfide nanoplate and carbon building blocks. A subsequent oxidation process produces SnO2 microspheres from hollow SnO2 nanoplate building blocks, which are formed by Kirkendall diffusion. The discharge capacity of the hierarchically structured SnO2 microspheres at a current density of 5 A.g(-1) for the 600th cycle is 404 mA.h.g(-1). The hierarchically structured SnO2 microspheres have reversible discharge capacities of 609 and 158 mA.h.g(-1) at current densities of 0.5 and 30 A.g(-1), respectively. The ultrafine nanosheets contain empty voids that allow excellent lithium-ion storage performance, even at high current densities.