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Cardiac glycosides suppress the maintenance of stemness and malignancy via inhibiting HIF-1 alpha in human glioma stem cells

Authors
Lee, Dae-HeeOh, Sang CheulGiles, Amber J.Jung, JinkyuGilbert, Mark R.Park, Deric M.
Issue Date
20-6월-2017
Publisher
IMPACT JOURNALS LLC
Keywords
cancer stem cell; digitoxin; cardiac glycoside; hypoxia; HIF
Citation
ONCOTARGET, v.8, no.25, pp.40233 - 40245
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
ONCOTARGET
Volume
8
Number
25
Start Page
40233
End Page
40245
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/83108
DOI
10.18632/oncotarget.16714
ISSN
1949-2553
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia contributes to solid tumor pathogenesis by activating a series of adaptive programs. We previously showed that hypoxia promotes the preferential expansion and maintenance of CD133 positive human glioma stem cells (GSC) in a hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha)-dependent mechanism. Here, we examined the activity of digitoxin (DT), a cardiac glycoside and a putative inhibitor of HIF-1 alpha, on human GSC in vitro and in vivo. During hypoxic conditions (1% O-2), we observed the effect of DT on the intracellular level of HIF-1a and the extracellular level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human GSC. We found that DT at clinically achievable concentrations, suppressed HIF-1a accumulation during hypoxic conditions in human GSC and established glioma cell lines. DT treatment also significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced expression of VEGF, a downstream target of HIF-1 alpha. Exposure to DT also reduced hypoxia-induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. Furthermore, DT potently inhibited neurosphere formation, and decreased CD133 expression even at concentrations that were not overtly cytotoxic. Lastly, treatment with DT reduced GSC engraftment in an in vivo xenograft model of glioblastoma. Intraperitoneal injections of DT significantly inhibited the growth of established glioblastoma xenografts, and suppressed expression of HIF-1 alpha and carbonic anhydrase (CA9), a surrogate marker of hypoxia. Taken together, these results suggest that DT at clinically achievable concentration functions as an inhibitor of HIF-1 alpha, worthy of further investigations in the therapy of glioblastoma.
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