Integrated oral wearable devices: From smart sensing to closed-loop theranostics

초록

Oral diseases affect nearly half of the global population, yet existing chairside diagnostics remain episodic, operator-dependent, and insufficient to capture the dynamic pathophysiology of the oral microenvironment. Integrated oral wearable devices (IOWDs) have emerged as transformative platforms that conform to teeth, gingiva, mucosa, or intraoral appliances to enable continuous, pathophysiology-aware monitoring and ondemand therapeutic intervention. This review establishes a conceptual framework that unites single and multimodal biosensing modalities with advanced power management and low-power wireless communication optimized for the mouth's attenuating, aqueous environment. Integration with closed-loop drug delivery and electrical stimulation systems further enables precision, self-regulated therapy. Core technological requirements for end-to-end IOWDs are identified, design principles for intraoral interfaces are distilled, and translational challenges are critically examined. Finally, a "5P" roadmap, including Precision, Personalization, Pervasiveness, Portability, and Preventiveness, is proposed to guide the development of resilient, closed-loop IOWDs capable of transforming oral healthcare from episodic visits to continuous, proactive management.

키워드