A unified framework across materials, processing, and performance for perovskite quantum dot photovoltaics

초록

Colloidal perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are promising photoactive materials for use in photovoltaic (PV) applications owing to their advantageous properties, which include bandgap tunability, high absorption coefficients, and defect tolerance. Critically, the high surface area-to-volume ratio of PQDs enable their optoelectronic properties to be tuned through various surface chemical engineering strategies. These characteristics have led to rapid advances in PQD PVs that have increased the power conversion efficiency from 10.77% in 2016-19.1% in 2025, outperforming all other types of colloidal quantum dot PVs. Nevertheless, the substantial time and resources required to fabricate PQD PVs must be addressed, and the operational stability of such devices must be enhanced. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the present state of research into PQD PVs, highlighting how their intrinsic attributes and recent efficiency gains guide practical routes to realize stability and manufacturability. First, the intrinsic properties that make PQDs suitable photoactive materials are summarized. Second, engineering strategies for designing PQD PVs are detailed in terms of surface and ligand chemistry, composition and lattice tuning, and interface design balancing passivation with charge transport. Third, applications in which PQD PVs offer distinctive advantages are reviewed, focusing on indoor/low-light power, semitransparent devices, flexible form factors, and scalable deposition routes. Finally, challenges associated with the durability, manufacturability, and interfacial control of PQD PVs are outlined, and pathways for addressing them are discussed. Therefore, this review provides a clear framework for translating laboratory advances in PQD PVs into durable, scalable technologies with field-validated performance.

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