‘트루도 딜레마’에 대한 영국의 외교적 대응 (1968-1974)

초록

This article seeks to explore the reaction and response of theBritish government, in particular the Foreign and CommonwealthOffice, in relation to the anti-monarchist stance of Canada’s PierreTrudeau administration during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Theprinciple of the ‘Divisibility of the Crown’ had enabled the Britishmonarch to also reign contemporaneously as the monarch of Canadaand of other such Commonwealth Realms after their separation fromthe British Empire after World War II. But the status of QueenElizabeth II - dominantly regarded as Queen of the United Kingdomrather than anything else - as Queen of Canada was regarded byPierre Trudeau as a core reason for the French Canadians of Quebecin wishing to secede from Canada and to enhance their own culturalidentity. Consequently, Trudeau attempted to minimize the presenceof the Queen by transferring most of her constitutional responsibilitiesas Canadian monarch to the Canadian-born Governor-General. As anation which wanted to maintain significant influence in world affairsby way of the British Queen’s connection with Commonwealthrealms and with other Commonwealth member states, Britainnaturally preferred that Canada retain Queen Elizabeth as theirmonarch. Instead of taking an active role in persuading theCanadians to keep their Queen - for fear of being accused ofmeddling in Canadian internal affairs - the British Foreign Office feltthat the role played by the Canadian monarchy in deterring thegrowing Americanization of Canadian society was valued highly bythe Canadians. Therefore they decided that Trudeau’s plan to useanti-monarchist policies to hold the Canadian nation together wouldbackfire by itself without any effort on the part of the Britishgovernment. Trudeau’s defeat in the October 1972 General Electiondid indeed force him to make groveling gestures to Queen Elizabethin order to pacify the anger of the English Canadians. However,Trudeau decided to use this political disadvantage as an opportunityto strengthen his political hand by invoking his constitutionalrelationship to the Queen. He asked her to attend the 1973Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Ottawa despite theobjections of the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath. Within theBritish Foreign Office, the diplomats of the North AmericaDepartment were furious that Trudeau would be so opportunistic inhis approach to the Queen. Therefore they argued that Canadashould be forced to bear the cost of maintaining its monarchy if itwished to use its relationship with the Queen to counter the wishesof the British government - which bore the bulk of the cost neededto support the Royal Family - in relation to Commonwealth matters. However, the officials in the Commonwealth Coordination Departmentretorted that raising this topic with the Canadians would bring forthunwelcome questions about the Queen’s position as Head of theCommonwealth. It would also damage close relations with a key allyat a time when Britain, with its new membership of the EuropeanEconomic Community, should be reassuring its traditional allies ofBritain’s continued support and friendship. With such splits withinthe Foreign Office, Britain was unable to produce an effective,coherent approach towards further anti-monarchist positions undertakenin Canada.

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