A Practical, Technology-Agnostic Framework For Shockley-Queisser Benchmarking of Solar Cells: Robust Bandgap Definitions and Loss Decomposition From EQE, Electroluminescence, and J-V Data

초록

Shockley-Queisser (SQ) benchmarking is used to contextualize photovoltaic (PV) efficiencies, but it is often misapplied when devices deviate from the step-function absorber idealization or when optical, radiative, and electrical losses are mixed. Here, we present a practical workflow that begins with a stated SQ reference and measured external quantum efficiency (EQE), electroluminescence quantum efficiency (EQE(EL) ), and current-density-voltage (J -V ) data. The framework defines a photovoltaic bandgap (E-g,E-PV ), computes EQE-based radiative dark current and open-circuit voltage, and separates generation/current loss, optical & eacute;tendue, radiative edge-shape loss, nonradiative recombination, temperature, shunt, and fill-factor losses. It applies across silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium gallium selenide, halide perovskites, organic PVs, and transition-metal dichalcogenides. We provide an interpretation order for the short-circuit-current factor (F-SC ), radiative-emission factor (F-em ), luminescence factor (Q(lum) ), and fill-factor ratio (F-FF ). In this notation, Fem <1 is not an electrical/nonradiative loss; for a stated step-SQ reference and a properly defined E-g,E-PV , it corresponds to a positive radiative edge-shape voltage loss, whereas inconsistent factors indicate the measured-EQE detailed balance should be reported. This ordering makes closeness-to-limit claims reproducible and comparable across materials, architectures, optical references, and measurement states.

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