A Reinterpretation of Choson-Qing Foreign Relations through an Analysis of Choson and Later Jin Bilateral Relations

초록

Existing research tends to treat the tran si tion from Choson-Ming rela tions to Choson-Qing rela tions as an unin ter rupted pro cess and the two rela tions as equiv a lent to each other. This arti cle will show, from Choson's per spec tive, how rela tions between Choson and Later Jin evolved between 1605 and 1636 and later influ enced Choson-Qing rela tions. While Choson ini tially treated Later Jin as bar bar i ans and not as an offi cial state, after the estab lish ment of Later Jin, equal inter state rela tions were established through the exchange of royal let ters (kukso (sic)) and envoys (sinsa it ,W) dur ing the years 1627-29. Negotiations con tin ued until the Second Man chu Invasion in 1636, dur ing which time inter ac tions with the Ming con tin ued as usual but dis cus sions with Later Jin through royal let ters established bilat eral rela tions. After 1636 and the estab lish ment of the Qing dynasty, dip lo matic doc u ments followed the same for mat as Choson-Ming rela tions, but Choson still con sid ered the Qing as bar bar i ans and con tin ued to express their loy alty to the Ming through covert actions affirming the Ming as the Heavenly Dynasty. Thus, Choson-Ming rela tions and Choson-Qing relations were qualitatively different and cannot be considered the same.

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