Nanostructured Deep Eutectic Systems in Healthcare: From Bioactive Solvents to Intelligent Biointerfaces, Wearables, and AI-Driven Design

초록

The clinical translation of advanced nanomedicines and next-generation wearables is frequently bottlenecked by material instability and interfacial incompatibility. Deep eutectic systems (DESs), historically categorized merely as green organic solvents and closely related to ionic liquids, are now emerging as a class of nanostructured functional fluids with transformative potential in biomedicine. This review moves beyond the traditional “extraction solvent” paradigm to redefine DES as programmable supramolecular assemblies. We first analyze their mesoscopic structural heterogeneity and its central role in stabilizing fragile genetic cargoes (mRNA and lipid nanoparticles) against thermal degradation, enabling cold-chain-free RNA therapeutics. We then examine how therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES), when integrated with dissolving microneedle arrays, reshape transdermal delivery by transforming active pharmaceutical ingredients into intrinsic components of the supramolecular solvent architecture. We further discuss the expanding role of DES in bioelectronics, where confinement within polymer networks yields “eutectogels” functioning as biocompatible, nonvolatile electrolytes for ionotronic skin patches and implantable probes, and highlight DES-derived antimicrobial nanohybrids, including microenvironment-responsive nanozymes, conferring intrinsic self-defensive properties on such devices. Finally, we survey the convergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) with DES research, enabling de novo inverse design of patient-specific therapeutic fluids and positioning DES as intelligent biomaterials for future healthcare. © 2026 The Author(s). Advanced NanoBiomed Research published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.

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