Generation and analysis of a complete mutant set for the Arabidopsis FT/TFL1 family shows specific effects on thermo-sensitive flowering regulation

Abstract

The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family proteins play an important role in the regulation of flowering time. In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, there are six genes in the FT/TFL1 family. To determine how these FT/TFL1 family genes contribute to the regulation of flowering time, this study generated a comprehensive set of mutants (sixty-three multiple mutants in all combinations) of the FT/TFL1 family genes and analysed their flowering times at 23 and 16 degrees C under long-day conditions. The analysis confirmed that FT and TFL1 are major determinants of flowering time under long-day conditions. At 23 degrees C, ft-10 tsf-1 mft-2 showed the latest flowering, whereas tfl1-20 atc-2 bft-2 showed the earliest flowering. Flowering occurred in the sextuple mutants. Introduction of tsf-1 led to reduced sensitivity to ambient temperature change. Introduction of tfl1-20 caused a stronger effect in accelerating flowering time at 16 degrees C than at 23 degrees C. Overexpression of miR156 did not block flowering of sextuple mutants, suggesting that there is a pathway to induce flowering independent of the FT/TFL1 pathway and miR156 pathway. This study proposes that this mutant population will be useful in further investigation of the functions of the FT/TFL1 family genes in plant development.