청대 중서(中西) 도자 교류의 표상, 광채(廣彩)

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to examine the origin, production technology and stylistic development of Guangcai, produced in Guangdong, China through the 18th and 19th Century. Through the analysis of related literature sources, existent works and excavation reports, it was able to define Guangcai as the fruit of cultural interaction of East and West. Thus, Guangcai itself worth demonstrating aesthetic value. First of all, the background of Guangcai production was examined through the Thirteen Factories, monopolistic trade system and Guangzhou as the most important trading port. Besides, exotic craftswork such as painting, furniture were widely produced from Guangzhou for exports. Guangdong area was also known for its long history of porcelain making including Shiwan(石湾) Kiln, gives strong base for successful Guangcai production. The production of Guangcai emerged when the painting skills and styles of enamel on copper were developed during the Kangxi period. Its technology was introduced in the late Kangxi’s(1661-1722) reign from Europe and this was base for producing enamel ware for the Qing court. Prior to this, wucai pigment was difficult to make various color scheme, because addition of metal oxide coloring caused low plasticity. Guangcai is based on enamel pigment which is made of silicon and lead oxide combined with glass solution and addition of metal oxide coloring. After these elements were melted and cooled down, it was grinded to powder which made possible to make various color. Thus, the addition of new colors, high plasticity and control of pigment color made it suitable for export. Guangcai is technically and stylistically distinct from Wucai, Fencai, and Yangcai but similar to Yangcai in terms of shading, perspective and decorating subject. In fact, it is also classified as Fencai as it was mostly produced by folk kiln. However, it is to note that green, yellow and gold dominates the Guangcai plate and using oil instead of water to give shading is the unique characteristic of Guangcai. It is mostly decorated with the traditional features as well as Western figures and coat of arms and Guangdong landscape, demonstrating hybrid of East and West. Kangxi(1722-1735) to Qianlong(1735-1795) reign was the zenith of the production. In 19th century the production decreased but consistently exported to Europe and affected porcelain industry in China. The traditional craftsmanship carried throughout the Republican period with the further attempts of the literati’s painting on porcelain.