「舊滿洲檔」에서 「滿洲實錄」까지 - 청 태조실록의 편찬과 수정

Abstract

This paper aims to review the historical process how Manzhou shilu (滿洲實錄) and Qing taizu gaohuangdi shilu (太祖高皇帝實錄), the two most important publications on Qing Taizu Nurhaci, were compiled in the Qianlong period after a series of revisions throughout the early Qing period. Repeated revisions of the record about the first ruler of the Qing empire, after it first came out in the Shunzhi era, shows a typical case of re-writing history as political agendas changed at each period. The fact that the history of the early Qing rulers was rewritten and reprint throughout the seventeenth to the eighteenth century demonstrates that the Qing court's understanding of their Manchu ancestors was transformed along with the development of the Qing empire. This paper explains that early records about the first Qing ruler were first written in Old Manchu scripts, known as Jiu Manzhou dang, and later rewritten in New Manchu scripts, which was generally regarded as Manwen laodang (滿文老檔). These archival documents became the primary source in compiling two official histories for the Qing Taizu. One is Manzhou shilu, having Manchu, Mongol, Chinese texts and images, and the other Qing Taizu gaohuangdi shilu, with only Chinese text following traditional Chinese writing style. It is interesting to note that the Manchou shilu, despite of being compiled in 1779, maintains earlier records about Nurhaci than the Qing Taizu gaohuangdi shilu compiled in 1739. Numerous changes and deletions are found in comparing the Manzhou shilu with the Qing Taizu gaohuangdi shilu, and this discrepancy between two records on the same figure shows that understanding the history of the early Qing ruler and Manchu ancestors were constantly changed during the Qianlong period.