5세기 한반도 남부에서 활약한 倭의 實體

Abstract

In historical sources, there are two kinds of “Wae(倭)” who were active in the south of ancient Korean peninsula. One is related to Imna(任那) administration which is attested in the Nihonshoki(日本書記). They must be identified with the Baekje people(百済人), not with Wae from the Japanese Islands. Baekje people, who had managed Gaya(加耶), moved and settled in Japan claiming their Wae identity, and the activity of their ancestors as the Baekje became to be thought as Wae's activity later. The exemplar case is the claim of Soamanji(蘇我滿智)'s Wae identity. Soamanji was originally Mokmanji(木滿致), whose father Mokrakeunja(木羅斤資), Baekje's general, subjugated seven Gara(加羅) kingdoms in 369 and saved Great Gaya in 382. Mokmanji, then, moved into Japan and became Soamanji, and his descendants claimed his Wae identity later. As a result, activities of his father Mokrakeunja as a Baekje general were recorded in historical sources as if he did that following the order of the Japanese Emperor. The other came actually from the Japanese Islands who could be identified with Wae in the King Gwanggaeto Inscription, in the records of Wae kingdom of the Songseo(宋書 倭國傳), and in the Samguksagi(三國史記). They have played an active role in Baekje, Silla, Imna, Gara, Jinhan and Mahan which were the ancient territories of Silla and Baekje, and all Gaya region, in the course of supporting Baekje's war against Goguryeo. However, around 438, about a generation later from their support to Baekje, there emerged a new understanding that tried to consider their support to Baekje in the reign of Wae's king Jin(珍) as their own from their viewpoint. Therefore, Wae began to claim their military rights to Baekje, Silla, Imna, Gara, Jinhan, and Mahan, where they had performed military operations in support of Baekje. Furthermore, when Wae were requested for military aid from Baekje in 475, which suffered from Goguryeo's attack with losing Han Sung and king Gaero, Wae's king Moo(武) claimed himself a title of nobility, "the king of Wae kingdom, great governor and military commander of seven kingdoms of Wae, Baekje, Silla, Imna, Gara, Jinhan, and Mohan(使持節都督 倭 百濟 新羅 任那 加羅 秦韓 慕韓 七國諸軍事 安東大將軍 倭國王)," adding Gara which means Gaya kingdom under the influence of Baekje. Wae also sent an expression of "Yiguryeomoodo(而句驪無道)," meaning "Goguryeo has no manner," to the Kingdom of Song, which represents Baekje's mood by the influence of the Baekje's leadership staying in Wae. Wae from the Japanese Islands, which is attested in the King Gwanggaeto Inscription, in the Samguksagi, and in the Songseo, corresponds in character to Wae in the Nihonshoki, which supported Baekje regardless of Imna administration. But two Waes can be identified in the Nihonshoki. The main is the one who administered Imna, and, in the course of editing the Nihonshoki, they took the original work of Baekje's ruling over Imna as for their own. The other is the one from the Japanese Islands who have consistently supporting Baekje and whose trustworthy activity appeared from the sixth century. Both Waes had friendly relations with Baekje, while hostile to Silla. Therefore, it can be argued that there is no contradiction among the basic historical sources for Wae - the King Gwanggaeto Inscription, the Samguksagi, the Nihonshoki, and in the Songseo, who were active in the south of ancient Korean peninsula in the fifth century, when we consider that they all were in support of Baekje.