漢語 通攝 韻母의 음운 변화 ― 上古에서 中古까지

Abstract

There have been controversies upon the phonology of Tong group(通攝) in Old and Middle Chinese(hererafter OC and MC respectively) so far. This article mainly investigates the phonological changes of finals of this group from OC to MC(by Yuan period). In order to reconstruct OC phonology, I employ some of new evidences as well as the conventional ones, such as rhymes in verse, phonetic components and etc. Most of Tong group words originated from Dong(Wu) group(東屋部) and Dong(Jue) group(冬覺部). Some statistical data show that Dong(Wu) group used to have frequent rhyming or Tongjia(通假) contacts with Yang(Duo) group(陽鐸部), the vowel of which was most probably [*a] in OC. Consequently, the vowel of Dong(Wu) group and that of Dong(Jue) group are respectively reconstructed as [*o] and [*u]. There was a temporary merge of the two groups in terms of rhyming in Liu Song times, but not necessarily a complete phonological merge. I believe that it was a [+high] feature commonly retained in segments, such as [U], [u] or a glide [ʷ] which enabled the groups to interrhyme within themselves. Each group of OC words, depending upon different conditions, were separately assigned to different rhymes or different grades before MC. I assume the phonological changes from OC to Qieyun as [*oŋ] ＞ [uŋ](Dong I 東韻 1等), [*juŋ] ＞ [juŋ](Dong Ⅲ 東韻 3等), [*uŋ] ＞ [uoŋ](Dong 冬韻), and [*joŋ] ＞ [jʷoŋ](Zhong 鍾韻). The change of the phonological categories accounts partly for the natural phonological changes within the language, and partly for a shift of dialect base from the North to the South. By the 9th century, Dong I(東韻 1等) and Dong(冬韻) merged, giving [oŋ], while Dong Ⅲ(東韻 3等) and Zhong(鍾韻) were still separate from each other. Afterwards, the Tong group vowels seem to have been incorporated as represented in Gujinyunhui juyao or in hP’ags-pa orthography. But I have no explanation for precisely when and how the merge within the group was taking place. But all the vowels were unified to either [o] or [u], seemingly depending upon geographical and dialectical divergencies. I suspect that the vowels of Dong I(東韻 1等) and Dong(冬韻) were raised to [u] before the vowel of Zhong(鍾) became [u], which in turn had the medial [ʷ] deleted, in the Northwestern region, while the vowel of Dong Ⅲ(東韻 3等) lowered to [o] in the Southern region probably by the Yuan.