Independent effects of amyloid and vascular markers on long-term functional outcomes: An 8-year longitudinal study of subcortical vascular cognitive impairment

Abstract

Background and purpose Subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is characterized by the presence of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) markers. Some SVCI patients also show Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy markers. However, the effects of these imaging markers on long-term clinical outcomes have not yet been established. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine how these imaging markers influence functional disability and/or mortality. Methods We recruited 194 participants with SVCI from the memory clinic and followed them up. All participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging at baseline, and 177 (91.2%) participants underwent beta-amyloid (A beta) positron emission tomography. We examined the occurrence of ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. We also evaluated functional disability and mortality using the modified Rankin scale. To determine the effects of imaging markers on functional disability or mortality, we used Fine and Gray competing regression or Cox regression analysis. Results During a 8.6-year follow-up period, 46 of 194 patients (23.7%) experienced a stroke, 110 patients (56.7%) developed functional disabilities and 75 (38.6%) died. A beta positivity (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 2.73), greater white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume (SHR = 3.11) and >= 3 microbleeds (SHR = 2.29) at baseline were independent predictors of functional disability regardless of the occurrence of stroke. Greater WMH volume (hazard ratio = 2.07) was an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions Our findings suggest that diverse imaging markers may predict long-term functional disability and mortality in patients with SVCI, which in turn may provide clinicians with a more insightful understanding of the long-term outcomes of SVCI.