A Hybrid Ru(II)/TiO2 Catalyst for Steadfast Photocatalytic CO2 to CO/Formate Conversion Following a Molecular Catalytic Route

Abstract

Herein, we employed a molecular Ru(II) catalyst immobilized onto TiO2 particulates of (4,4'-Y-2-bpy)Ru-II(CO)(2)Cl-2 (RuP; Y = CH2PO(OH)(2)), as a hybrid catalyst system to secure the efficient and steady catalytic activity of a molecular bipyridyl Ru(II)-complex-based photocatalytic system for CO2 reduction. From a series of operando FTIR spectrochemical analyses, it was found that the TiO2-fixed molecular Ru(II) complex leads to efficient stabilization of the key monomeric intermediate, Ru-II-hydride (LRuII(H)(CO)(2)Cl), and suppresses the formation of polymeric Ru(II) complex (-(L(CO)(2)Ru-Ru(CO)(2)L)(n)-), which is a major deactivation product produced during photoreaction via the Ru-Ru dimeric route. Active promotion of the monomeric catalytic route in a hetero-binary system (IrPS + TiO2/RuP) that uses TiO2-bound Ru(II) complex as reduction catalyst led to highly increased activity as well as durability of photocatalytic behavior with respect to the homogeneous catalysis of free Ru(II) catalyst (IrPS + Ru(II) catalyst). This catalytic strategy produced maximal turnover numbers (TONs) of >4816 and >2228, respectively, for CO and HCOO- production in CO2-saturated N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/TEOA (16.7 vol % TEOA) solution containing a 0.1 M sacrificial electron donor.