Effects of excessive impregnation, magnesium content, and pyrolysis temperature on MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar and its lead removal capacity

Abstract

MgO-coated watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) is a potentially highly-effective waste-derived material in environmental applications. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the optimization of the production of MWRB for superior environmental performance. It was found that the Mg content of the MWRB could be easily controlled by adjusting the Mg/feedstock mass ratio during excessive impregnation. The BET surface area was found to first increase and then decrease as the Mg content of the MWRB (produced at 600 degrees C) increased from 1.52% to 10.1%, with an optimal surface area of 293 m(2)/g observed at 2.51%. Similarly, an optimum pyrolysis temperature of 600 degrees C was observed in the range of 400-800 degrees C for a maximum surface area of the MWRB at a fixed Mg/feedstock ratio of 0.48% (resulting in MWRBs with Mg contents of 1.89-2.51%). The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced at 600 degrees C) increased with increasing Mg content, with a greatest Pb removal capacity of 558 mg/g found for the MWRB with the highest Mg content (10.1%), an improvement of 208% over the 181 mg/g Pb removal capacity of unmodified WRB produced at 600 C. The Pb removal capacity of the MWRB (produced with 1.89-2.51% Mg) was also discovered to increase from 81.7 mg/g (at 400 degrees C) to 742 mg/g (at 700 degrees C), before dropping to 368 mg/g at 800 degrees C. These findings suggest that the MWRB can be more efficiently utilized in soil and water remediation by optimizing its synthesis conditions.