Modified Floating Electrode-Based Sensors for the Quantitative Monitoring of Drug Effects on Cytokine Levels Related with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Abstract

Modified floating electrode-based sensors were developed to quantitatively monitor the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a pro-inflammatory cytokine related with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to evaluate the effect of drugs on the cytokine levels. Here, antibodies (anti-TNF-alpha) were immobilized on the floating electrodes of carbon nanotube devices, enabling selective and real-time detection of TNF-alpha among various cytokines linked to IBD. This sensor was able to measure the concentrations of TNF-alpha with a detection limit of 1 pg/L, allowing the quantitative estimation of TNF-alpha secretion from mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Notably, this method also allowed us to monitor the anti-inflammatory effect of a drug, lupeol, on the activation of the LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B signaling in Raw 264.7 cells. These results indicate that our novel TNF sensor can be a versatile tool for biomedical research and clinical applications such as screening drug effects and monitoring inflammation levels.