Detailed Information

Cited 0 time in webofscience Cited 0 time in scopus
Metadata Downloads

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Authors
Wang, HaidongAbajobir, Amanuel AlemuAbate, Kalkidan HassenAbbafati, CristianaAbbas, Kaja M.Abd-Allah, FoadAbera, Semaw FeredeAbraha, Haftom NiguseAbu-Raddad, Laith J.Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. E.Adedeji, Isaac AkinkunmiAdedoyin, Rufus AdesojiAdetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O.Adetokunboh, OlatunjiAfshin, AshkanAggarwal, RakeshAgrawal, AnuragAgrawal, SutapaKiadaliri, Aliasghar AhmadAhmed, Muktar BeshirAichour, Amani NidhalAichour, IbthielAichour, Miloud Taki EddineAiyar, SnehaAkanda, ShafqatAkinyemiju, Tomi F.Akseer, NadiaAl-Eyadhy, AymanAl Lami, Faris HasanAlabed, SamerAlahdab, FaresAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam, KhurshidAlam, NooreAlasfoor, DeenaAldridge, Robert WilliamAlene, Kefyalew AddisAlhabib, SamiaAli, RaghibAlizadeh-Navaei, RezaAljunid, Syed M.Alkaabi, Juma M.Alkerwi, Ala'aAlla, FrancoisAllam, Shalini D.Allebeck, PeterAl-Raddadi, RajaaAlsharif, UbaiAltirkawi, Khalid A.Martin, Elena AlvarezAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAmare, Azmeraw T.Ameh, Emmanuel A.Amini, ErfanAmmar, WalidAmoako, Yaw AmpemAnber, NahlaAndrei, Catalina LilianaAndroudi, SofiaAnsari, HosseinAnsha, Mustafa GeletoAntonio, Carl Abelardo T.Anwari, PalwashaArnlov, JohanArora, MeghaAl ArtamanAryal, Krishna KumarAsayesh, HamidAsgedom, Solomon WeldegebrealAsghar, Rana JawadAssadi, RezaAtey, Tesfay MehariAtre, Sachin R.Avila-Burgos, LeticiaAvokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. ArthurAwasthi, AshishQuintanilla, Beatriz Paulina AyalaBabalola, Tesleem KayodeBacha, UmarBadawi, AlaaBalakrishnan, KalpanaBalalla, ShivanthiBarac, AleksandraBarber, Ryan M.Barboza, Miguel A.Barker-Collo, Suzanne L.Barnighausen, TillBarquera, SimonBarregard, LarsBarrero, Lope H.Baune, Bernhard T.Bazargan-Hejazi, ShahrzadBedi, NeerajBeghi, EttoreBejot, YannickBekele, Bayu BegashawBell, Michelle L.Bello, Aminu K.Bennett, Derrick A.Bennett, James R.Bensenor, Isabela M.Benson, JenniferBerhane, AdugnawBerhe, Derbew FikaduBernabe, EduardoBeuran, MirceaBeyene, Addisu ShunuBhala, NeerajBhansali, AnilBhaumik, SoumyadeepBhutta, Zulfiqar A.Bikbov, BorisBirungi, CharlesBiryukov, StanBisanzio, DonalBizuayehu, Habtamu MellieBjerregaard, PeterBlosser, Christopher D.Boneya, Dube JaraBoufous, SoufianeBourne, Rupert R. A.Brazinova, AlexandraBreitborde, Nicholas J. K.Brenner, HermannBrugha, Traolach S.Bukhman, GeneNegesa, LemmaBulto, BultoBumgarner, Blair RandalBurch, MichaelButt, Zahid A.Cahill, Leah E.Cahuana-Hurtado, LuceroCampos-Nonato, Ismael RicardoCar, JosipCar, MateCrdenas, RosarioCarpenter, David O.Carrero, Juan JesusCarter, AustinCastaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.Rivas, Jacqueline CastilloCastro, Franz F.Castro, Ruben EstanislaoCatala-Lopez, FerranChen, HongleiChiang, Peggy Pei-ChiaChibalabala, MirriamChisumpa, Vesper HichilombweChitheer, Abdulaal A.Choi, Jee-Young JasmineChristensen, HanneChristopher, Devasahayam JesudasCiobanu, Liliana G.Cirillo, MassimoCohen, Aaron J.Colquhoun, Samantha M.Coresh, JosefCriqui, Michael H.Cromwell, Elizabeth A.Crump, John A.Dandona, LalitDandona, RakhiDargan, Paul I.das Neves, JoseDavey, GailDavitoiu, Dragos V.Davletov, Kairatde Courten, BarboraDe Leo, DiegoDegenhardt, LouisaDeiparine, SelinaDellavalle, Robert P.Deribe, KebedeDeribew, AmareDes Jarlais, Don C.Dey, SubhojitDharmaratne, Samath D.Dherani, Mukesh K.Diaz-Torne, CesarDing, Eric L.Dixit, PriyankaDjalalinia, ShirinHuyen Phuc DoDoku, David TeyeDonnelly, Christl AnnPriscila, Kadinedos Santos, BenderDouwes-Schultz, DirkDriscoll, Tim R.Duan, LeileiDubey, ManishaDuncan, Bruce BartholowDwivedi, Laxmi KantEbrahimi, HedyehEl Bcheraoui, CharbelEllingsen, Christian LyckeEnayati, AhmadaliEndries, Aman YesufErmakov, Sergey PetrovichEshetie, SetegnEshrati, BabakEskandarieh, ShararehEsteghamati, AlirezaEstep, KaraFanuel, Belayneh Bekele FanuelFaro, AndreFarvid, Maryam S.Farzadfar, FarshadFeigin, Valery L.Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-MohammadFernandes, Jefferson G.Fernandes, Joao C.Feyissa, Tesfaye RegassaFilip, IrinaFischer, FlorianFoigt, NataliyaForeman, Kyle J.Frank, TahviFranklin, Richard C.Fraser, MayaFriedman, JosephFrostad, Joseph J.Fullman, NancyFurst, ThomasFurtado, Joao M.Futran, Neal D.Gakidou, EmmanuelaGambashidze, KetevanGamkrelidze, AmiranGankpe, Fortune GbetohoGarcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.Gebregergs, Gebremedhin BerheGebrehiwot, Tsegaye TeweldeGebrekidan, Kahsu GebrekirstosGebremichael, Mengistu WeldayGelaye, Amha AdmasieGeleijnse, Johanna M.Gemechu, Bikila LenchaGemechu, Kasiye ShiferawGenova-Maleras, RicardGesesew, Hailay AbrhaGething, Peter W.Gibney, Katherine B.Gill, Paramjit SinghGillum, Richard F.Giref, Ababi ZergawGirma, Bedilu WejiGiussani, GiorgiaGoenka, ShifalikaGomez, BeatrizGona, Philimon N.Gopalani, Sameer ValiGoulart, Alessandra CarvalhoGraetz, NicholasGugnani, Harish ChanderGupta, Prakash C.Gupta, RahulGupta, RajeevGupta, TanushGupta, VipinHaagsma, Juanita A.Hafezi-Nejad, NimaBidgoli, Hassan HaghparastHakuzimana, AlexHalasa, Yara A.Hamadeh, Randah RibhiHambisa, Mitiku TeshomeHamidi, SamerHammami, MouhanadHancock, JamieHandal, Alexis J.Hankey, Graeme J.Hao, YuantaoHarb, Hilda L.Hareri, Habtamu AberaHarikrishnan, SivadasanpillaiHaro, Josep MariaHassanvand, Mohammad SadeghHavmoeller, RasmusHay, Roderick J.Hay, Simon I.He, FeiHeredia-Pi, Ileana BeatrizHerteliu, ClaudiuHilawe, Esayas HaregotHoek, Hans W.Horita, NobuyukiHosgood, H. DeanHostiuc, SorinHotez, Peter J.Hoy, Damian G.Hsairi, MohamedHtet, Aung SoeHu, GuoqingHuang, HsiangHuang, John J.Iburg, Kim MoesgaardIgumbor, Ehimario UcheIleanu, Bogdan VasileInoue, ManamiIrenso, Asnake ArarsaIrvine, Caleb M. S.Islam, NazrulJacobsen, Kathryn H.Jaenisch, ThomasJahanmehr, NaderJakovljevic, Mihajlo B.Javanbakht, MehdiJayatilleke, Achala UpendraJeemon, PanniyammakalJensen, Paul N.Jha, VivekanandJin, YeJohn, DennyJohn, OommenJohnson, Sarah CharlotteJonas, Jost B.Jurisson, MikkKabir, ZubairKadel, RajendraKahsay, AmahaKalkonde, YogeshwarKamal, RitulKan, HaidongKarch, AndreKarema, Corine KakiziKarimi, Seyed M.Karthikeyan, GanesanKasaeian, AmirKassaw, Nigussie AssefaKassebaum, Nicholas J.Kastor, AnshulKatikireddi, Srinivasa VittalKaul, AnilKawakami, NoritoKazanjan, KonstantinKeiyoro, Peter NjengaKelbore, Sefonias GetachewKemp, Andrew HaddonKengne, Andre PascalKeren, AndreKereselidze, MaiaKesavachandran, Chandrasekharan NairKetema, Ezra BelayKhader, Yousef SalehKhalil, Ibrahim A.Khan, Ejaz AhmadKhan, GulfarazKhang, Young-HoKhera, SahilKhoja, Abdullah Tawfih AbdullahKhosravi, Mohammad HosseinKibret, Getiye DejenuKieling, ChristianKim, Cho-IlKim, DanielKim, PaulineKim, SungroulKim, Yun JinKimokoti, Ruth W.Kinfu, YohannesKishawi, SamiKissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna A.Kissoon, NiranjanKivimaki, MikaKnudsen, Ann KristinKokubo, YoshihiroKopec, Jacek A.Kosen, SoewartaKoul, Parvaiz A.Koyanagi, AiKravchenko, MichaelKrohn, Kristopher J.Defo, Barthelemy KuateBicer, Burcu KucukKuipers, Ernst J.Kulikoff, Xie RachelKulkarni, Veena S.Kumar, G. AnilKumar, PushpendraKumsa, Fekede AsefaKutz, MichaelLachat, CarlLagat, Abraham K.Lager, Anton Carl JonasLal, Dharmesh KumarLalloo, RatilalLambert, NkurunzizaLan, QingLansingh, Van C.Larson, Heidi J.Larsson, AndersLaryea, Dennis OdaiLavados, Pablo M.Laxmaiah, AvulaLee, Paul H.Leigh, JamesLeung, JanniLeung, RickyLevi, MiriamLi, YongmeiLiao, YuLiben, Misgan LegesseLim, Stephen S.Linn, ShaiLipshultz, Steven E.Liu, ShiweiLodha, RakeshLogroscino, GiancarloLorch, Scott A.Lorkowski, StefanLotufo, Paulo A.Lozano, RafaelLunevicius, RaimundasLyons, Ronan A.Ma, StefanMacarayan, Erlyn Rachelle KingMachado, Isis EloahMackay, Mark T.Abd el Razek, Mohammed MagdyMagis-Rodriguez, CarlosMahdavi, MahdiMajdan, MarekMajdzadeh, RezaMajeed, AzeemMalekzadeh, RezaMalhotra, RajeshMalta, Deborah CarvalhoMantovani, Lorenzo G.Manyazewal, TsegahunMapoma, Chabila C.Marczak, Laurie B.Marks, Guy B.Martinez-Raga, JoseMartins-Melo, Francisco RogerlndioMassano, JoaoMaulik, Pallab K.Mayosi, Bongani M.Mazidi, MohsenMcAlinden, ColmMcGarvey, Stephen TheodoreMcGrath, John J.Mckee, MartinMehata, SureshMehndiratta, Man MohanMehta, Kala M.Meier, ToniMekonnen, Tefera ChaneMeles, Kidanu GebremariamMemiah, PeterMemish, Ziad A.Mendoza, WalterMengesha, Melkamu MeridMengistie, Mubarek AberaTadese, DesalegnMenon, Mengistu Geetha R.Menota, Bereket GebremichaelMensah, George A.Meretoja, AtteMeretoja, Tuomo J.Mezgebe, Haftay BerhaneMicha, RenataMikesell, JosephMiller, Ted R.Mills, Edward J.Minnig, ShawnMirarefin, MojdeMirrakhimov, Erkin M.Misganaw, AwokeMishra, Shiva RajMohammad, Karzan AbdulmuhsinMohammadi, AlirezaMohammed, Kedir Endris Shafiu MohammedMohan, Murali B. V.Mohanty, Sanjay K.Mokdad, Ali H.Assaye, Ashagre MollaMollenkopf, Sarah K.Molokhia, MariamMonasta, LorenzoHernandez, Julio Cesar MontanezMontico, MarcellaMooney, Meghan D.Moore, Ami R.Moradi-Lakeh, MaziarMoraga, PaulaMorawska, LidiaVelasquez, Ilais MorenoMori, RintaroMorrison, Shane D.Mruts, Kalayu BirhaneMueller, Ulrich O.Mullany, ErinMuller, KateVenkata, GudlavalletiMurthy, SatyanarayanaMurthy, SrinivasMusa, Kamarul ImranNachega, Jean B.Nagata, ChieNagel, GabrieleNaghavi, MohsenNaidoo, Kovin S.Nanda, LipikaNangia, VinayNascimento, Bruno RamosNatarajan, GopalakrishnanNegoi, IonutCuong Tat NguyenNingrum, Dina Nur AnggrainiNisar, Muhammad ImranNomura, MarikaVuong Minh NongNorheim, Ole F.Norrving, BoNoubiap, Jean Jacques N.Nyakarahuka, LukeObermeyer, Carla MakhloufO'Donnell, Martin J.Ogbo, Felix AkpojeneOh, In-HwanOkoro, AnselmOladimeji, OlanrewajuOlagunju, Andrew ToyinOlusanya, Bolajoko OlubukunolaOlusanya, Jacob OlusegunOren, EyalOrtiz, AlbertoOsgood-Zimmerman, AaronOta, ErikaOwolabi, Mayowa O.Oyekale, Abayomi SamuelPa, MaheshPacella, Rosana E.Pakhale, SmitaPana, AdrianPanda, Basant KumarPanda-Jonas, SonghomitraPark, Eun-KeeParsaeian, MahboubehPatel, TejasPatten, Scott B.Patton, George C.Paudel, DeepakPereira, David M.Perez-Padilla, RogelioPerez-Ruiz, FernandoPerico, NorbertoPervaiz, AslamPesudovs, KonradPeterson, Carrie BethPetri, William ArthurPetzold, MaxPhillips, Michael RobertPiel, Frederic B.Pigott, David M.Pishgar, FarhadPlass, DietrichPolinder, SuzannePopova, SvetlanaPostma, Maarten J.Poulton, Richie G.Pourmalek, FarshadPrasad, NarayanPurwar, ManoramaQorbani, MostafaRabiee, Rynaz H. S.Radfar, AmirRafay, AnwarRahimi-Movaghar, AfarinRahimi-Movaghar, VafaRahman, MahfuzarRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, Sajjad UrRai, Rajesh KumarRajsic, SasaRam, UshaRana, Saleem M.Ranabhat, Chhabi LalRao, Paturi VishnupriyaRawaf, SalmanRay, Sarah E.Rego, Maria Albertina SantiagoRehm, JugenReiner, Robert C.Remuzzi, GiuseppeRenzaho, Andre M. N. N.Resnikoff, SergeRezaei, SatarRezai, Mohammad SadeghRibeiro, Antonio L.Rokni, Mohammad BagherRonfani, LucaRoshandel, GholamrezaRoth, Gregory A.Rothenbacher, DietrichRoy, AmbujRubagotti, EnricoRuhago, George MugambageSaadat, SoheilSabde, Yogesh DamodarSachdev, Perminder S.Sadat, NafisSafdarian, MahdiSafiri, Sare Safi SaeidSagar, RajeshSahathevan, RameshSahebkar, AmirhosseinSahraian, Mohammad AliSalama, JosephSalamati, PaymanSalomon, Joshua A.Salvi, Sundeep SantoshSamy, Abdallah M.Sanabria, Juan RamonSanchez-Nino, Maria DoloresSantos, Itamar S.Milicevic, Milena M. SantricSarmiento-Suarez, RodrigoSartorius, BennSatpathy, MaheswarSawhney, MonikaSaxena, SoniaSaylan, Mete I.Schmidt, Maria InesSchneider, Ione J. C.Schutte, Aletta E.Schwebel, David C.Schwendicke, FalkSeedat, SorayaSeid, Abdulbasit MusaSepanlou, Sadaf G.Servan-Mori, Edson E.Shackelford, Katya AnneShaheen, AmiraShahraz, SaeidShaikh, Masood AliShamsipour, MansourShamsizadeh, MortezaIslam, Sheikh Mohammed SharifulSharma, JayendraSharma, RajeshShe, JunShen, JiabinShetty, Balakrishna P.Shi, PeilinShibuya, KenjiShigematsu, MikaShiri, RahmanShiue, IvyShrime, Mark G.Sigfusdottir, Inga DoraSilberberg, Donald H.Silpakit, NarisSilva, Diego Augusto SantosSilva, Joao PedroSilveira, Dayane Gabriele AlvesSindi, ShireenSingh, AbhishekSingh, Jasvinder A.Singh, Prashant KumarSingh, VirendraSinha, Dhirendra NarainSkiadaresi, EiriniSligar, AmberSmith, David L.Sobaih, Badr H. A.Sobngwi, EugeneSoneji, SamirSoriano, Joan B.Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.Srinivasan, VinayStathopoulou, VasilikiSteel, NicholasStein, Dan J.Steiner, CaitlynStockl, HeidiStokes, Mark AndrewStrong, MarkSufiyan, Muawiyyah BabaleSuliankatchi, Rizwan AbdulkaderSunguya, Bruno F.Sur, Patrick J.Swaminathan, SoumyaSykes, Bryan L.Szoeke, Cassandra E. I.Tabares-Seisdedos, RafaelTadakamadla, Santosh KumarTadese, FentawTandon, NikhilTanne, DavidTarajia, MusharafTavakkoli, MohammadTaveira, NunoTehrani-Banihashemi, ArashTekelab, TesfalidetTekle, Dejen YemaneShifa, Girma TemamTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTerkawi, Abdullah SuliemanTesema, Cheru LeshargieTesssema, BelayTheis, AndrewThomas, NihalThompson, Alex H.Thomson, Alan J.Thrift, Amanda G.Tiruye, Tenaw YimerTobe-Gai, RuoyanTonelli, MarcelloTopor-Madry, RomanTopouzis, FotisTortajada, MiguelTran, Bach XuanTrujillo, Thomas Truelsen UlisesTsilimparis, NikolaosTuem, Kald BeshirTuzcu, Emin MuratTyrovolas, StefanosUkwaja, Kingsley NnannaUndurraga, Eduardo A.Uthman, Olalekan A.Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudivan Boven, Job F. M.Varakin, Yuri Y.Varughese, SantoshVasankari, TommiVasconcelos, Ana Maria NogalesVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVidavalur, RameshViolante, Francesco S.Vishnu, AbhishekVladimirov, Sergey K.Vlassov, Vasiliy VictorovichVollset, Stein EmilVos, TheoWaid, Jillian L.Wakayo, TolassaWang, Yuan-PangWeichenthal, ScottWeiderpass, ElisabeteWeintraub, Robert G.Werdecker, AndreaWesana, JoshuaWijeratne, TissaWilkinson, James D.Wiysonge, Charles SheyWoldeyes, Belete GetahunWolfe, Charles D. A.Workicho, AbdulhalikWorkie, Shimelash BitewXavier, DenisXu, GelinYaghoubi, MohsenYakob, BereketYalew, Ayalnesh ZemeneYan, Lijing L.Yano, YuichiroYaseri, MehdiYe, PengpengYimam, Hassen HamidYip, PaulYirsaw, Biruck DesalegnYonemoto, NaohiroYoon, Seok-JunYotebieng, MarcelYounis, Mustafa Z.Zaidi, ZoubidaZaki, Maysaa El SayedZeeb, HajoZenebe, Zerihun MenlkalewZerfu, Taddese AlemuZhang, Anthony LinZhang, XueyingZodpey, SanjayZuhlke, Liesl JoannaLopez, Alan D.Murray, Christopher J. L.
Issue Date
16-9월-2017
Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
Citation
LANCET, v.390, no.10100, pp.1084 - 1150
Indexed
SCIE
SCOPUS
Journal Title
LANCET
Volume
390
Number
10100
Start Page
1084
End Page
1150
URI
https://scholar.korea.ac.kr/handle/2021.sw.korea/82217
DOI
10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31833-0
ISSN
0140-6736
Abstract
Background Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. Methods We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0.5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. Findings Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86.9 years (95% UI 86.7-87.2), and for men in Singapore, at 81.3 years (78.8-83.7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, and the gap between male and female life expectancy increased with progression to higher levels of SDI. Some countries with exceptional health performance in 1990 in terms of the difference in observed to expected life expectancy at birth had slower progress on the same measure in 2016. Interpretation Globally, mortality rates have decreased across all age groups over the past five decades, with the largest improvements occurring among children younger than 5 years. However, at the national level, considerable heterogeneity remains in terms of both level and rate of changes in age-specific mortality; increases in mortality for certain age groups occurred in some locations. We found evidence that the absolute gap between countries in age-specific death rates has declined, although the relative gap for some age-sex groups increased. Countries that now lead in terms of having higher observed life expectancy than that expected on the basis of development alone, or locations that have either increased this advantage or rapidly decreased the deficit from expected levels, could provide insight into the means to accelerate progress in nations where progress has stalled. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Files in This Item
There are no files associated with this item.
Appears in
Collections
College of Medicine > Department of Medical Science > 1. Journal Articles

qrcode

Items in ScholarWorks are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

Related Researcher

Researcher Yoon, Seok Jun photo

Yoon, Seok Jun
의과대학 (의학과)
Read more

Altmetrics

Total Views & Downloads

BROWSE