The suppressive effects of metformin on inflammatory response of otitis media model in human middle ear epithelial cells

Abstract

Objective: Metformin is a well-known anti-diabetic agent, but its mechanism is unclear. Recently, many reports have described the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin on various cell types, including human vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of metformin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in human middle ear epithelial cell lines (HMEECs). Methods: The effect of pretreatment by metformin (0, 1, 2, 4 mM) was evaluated by the inflammatory response in the HMEECs exposed to LPS (10 ng/m1). For verifying the suppression effect of metformin on the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and COX-2 protein was assessed by western blotting. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA) fluorocytometer. Results: Stimulation by LPS 10 ng/ml concentration showed 12.4 folds increase the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA compared to control on HMEECs. Pretreatment of metformin dose dependently suppressed the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA induced by LPS (2 mM, p = 0.03). The amount of COX-2 protein production was significantly decreased by metformin pretreatment (4 mM, p = 0.01). The production of ROS was decreased significantly by pretreatment of metformin (p = 0.03). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by LPS could be suppressed by metformin in HMEECs. Therefore, metformin may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of the otitis media. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.