중화인민공화국 초기 北京 基層 거버넌스 체제의 구축 ― 도시 街道의 국가와 사회, 1949-1954 ―

Abstract

The article examines the process of urban administration building in Beijing in the early PRC to evaluate the status of Neighborhood Residents' Committee(街道居民委員會) in terms of state-society relationship by analysing the concerned materials preserved in Beijing Municipal Archives. The research question is why the CCP established the Residents' Committee and restored the ward government after having abolished the early-intended administrative system of government in ward and neighborhood level. According to the analysis, this vicissitudes in the urban basic level administration was due to the discrepancies between the ideals and the realities: the CCP state's strong intention to expand its power to basic level of society, on one hand, and, on the other, the lack of means to realize the intention. Facing such discrepancies, the CCP paid its attention to “autonomous” residents' organization, which led to the establishment of Residents' Committee in national level in 1954. According to the CCP terminology, the “autonomy”(自治) did not mean self-determination or complete independence from state power, but rather residents' voluntary response to and active participation in the governmental policy execution. The CCP's emphasis upon the residents' autonomy signifies, however, that the CCP power could not infiltrate into society under its early conditions of lacking in capable cadres to administer the urban residents, and thereby appealing to the residents' voluntary cooperation with state. Beyond the conventional “state control” approaches based on the totalitarian model, the author tries to redefine such autonomy given to the Residents' Committee as the Communists' efforts to establish a kind of governance system in which the state leads societal autonomy or societal autonomy functions under the state leadership.