Effect of Valerian/Hop Mixture on Sleep-Related Behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the sleep-promoting effect of a Valerian/Hops mixture in fruit flies. The HPLC analysis showed that Valerenic acid (1260.53 mu g/g of extract) and Xanthohumol (Cascade: 827.49 mu g/g, Hallertau: 763.60 mu g/g, Saaz: 186.93 mu g/g) were contained in Valerian and Hop, respectively. The sleep patterns of fruit flies on the Valerian/Hops were examined in both baseline and caffeine-treated conditions. Total activities of flies significantly decreased in 20 mg/mL Valerian (74%), 10 mg/mL Cascade (25%), and 5 mg/mL Hallertau (11%) during nighttime or daytime compared with the control. Valerian/Cascade mixture showed longer sleeping time (ca. 20%) than control group. This mixture-mediated effect was partly observed in caffeine-treated flies. Valerian/Cascade mixture upregulated mRNA expressions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and serotonin receptor, and GABA receptors were more strongly regulated than serotonin receptor. In competitive GABA receptor binding assay, Valerian/Cascade mixture extract showed a higher binding ability on GABA receptor than Valerenic acid or/and Xanthohumol which are estimated to be active compounds in the extract. This study demonstrates that a Valerian/Cascade mixture extract improves sleep-related behaviors, including sleeping time, by modulating GABAergic/serotonergic signaling.